Interlocking flexible shingle



Jan. 4, 1938. M. l., HAMLIN INTERLQCKNG FLEXIBLE SHINGLE l Filed Dec. 9, 193] Patented Jan. 4, 19?8y l 4 i y UNITED STATES PATENT oFFics 2,104,078 INTERLOCKING FLEXIBLE SHINGLE Marston Lovell Hamlin, Lynbrook, N. Y., assign- Vor to The Barrett Company, New York, N. Y., a corpo-rationof New Jersey Application December 9, 1931, Serial No. 579,885`

y 19` Claims. (Cl. 108.-'7)

This invention relates vto roofing and siding ele- Fig. 1,0` represents theinterlock between the ments and more particularlyto shinglesA of the lower exposed edges of adjacent shinglesof the. interlocking type. type shown in Fig. 9; l

It is an object of my invention to provide a Fig. 1l represents a plan'of a modified form of shingle of the interlocking type wherein a series shingle embodying the principles of this inven- 5; of interlocking projections` defined by slits or tion; slots are formed within the border edges of the Fig. 12 illustrates the interlock between the shingle near the lower corners thereof. The prolower exposed edge of adjacent shingles of the jections ofthe shingles interlock or lace with vtype shown in Fig. 11;

1.0.'. projections of other like shingles when laid in Fig. 13 represents a still further modified form l0" courses so that in each course a continuous interof shingle wherein the projections formed are of locked lower edge to the weather is presented; triangular shape and the lines of direction ofthe the exposed portions of each shingle are thus slits defining the projections, while at right angles secured against being lifted by the wind or other. to eachother, are at acute angles to the forward 15 wise displaced, and effective protection is thereby edge of. the shingles; ,15 afforded against roof leakage with reduced head- Fig. 14 shows the shingles of Fig. 13y laid to. -lap. provide a continuous interlocked lower edge be- ,Other objects and advantages of my invention tween. the adjacent shingles of .each course; will appear from the following detailed descrip- Fig. 15 is a plan of a modified. form of the tionv in which: shingle embodying the principles of my invention 201.,

Fig. 1 represents a plan of a shingle embodying wherein the projections at opposite transverse the principles of my invention f wherein two inside edges of the shingle are of different shapes;

terior projections are provided, each adjacent one Fig. 16 shows the interlock between the lower transverse side edge of the shingle; exposed edges of adjacent shingles of the typey g3., Fig. 2 is a plan of a portion of a roof or other shown in Fig. 15; 2.5;

supporting structure depicting the shingles laid Fig. 1'7 is a plan of a further modification of in overlapping courses and in interlocking relathe shingle ofmy invention wherein the oppotion to provide a continuous interlocked lower sitely disposedprojections are o-f different shapes;

edge in each course of shingles; v Fig. 18 'shows fragments of two shingles of the j Fig. 3 represents in plan a modified form of the type shown in Fig. 17 in interlocked relation; .39, shingle of Fig. l wherein a recess. is provided at Fig. 19 represents a plan of a further modifica the lower left-hand corner thereof in contration embodying the principles of my invention;

' distinction to the projection formed in the corand responding portion of the shingle of Fig. l; Fig. 20 illustrates the interlock obtained be- ;3 v-E-ig. 4 illustrates the interlock between the tween adjacent shingles of the type shown in lower exposed edges of adjacent shingles of the Fig. 19.

type shown in Fig. 3; With reference to Fig. l, the reference numeral Fig. 5 is a plan of a further modified shingle 20 designates a shingle of general rectangular embodying the principles of this invention; shape dened by longitudinal edges 2| and 22 j Fig. dillust-ratesfthe interlock betweerrthelower and transverse 'edges 23 and 24. A SlO 01" Slit 25 .me

exposed edges. of adjacent shingles of the type is formed in the forward longitudinal edge 22 of Shown in Fig, 5,; y the shingle` 2l), preferably at right angles thereto Fig. 7 representsv in. plan amodied form of the and parallel to the adjacent side edge 23. i An v' shingle of Fig.' 5.,. the. modication involving. the interior slit 25 is provided within the body of the .1' i'. removal of thel lower left-hand corner of the shingle preferably parallel to the forward longi- 45;,

shingle ofv Fig. 5- to provide a. recess as. shown; tudinal edge 22 and at right angles to the adja- Fig. '8, illustrates the. interlock between the cent side edge'23, the slit 26 extending from a lower exposed edges of adjacent shingles of the point adjacent the inner end of slit 25 a short type shown in Fig., 7;. distance toward the interior body portionof thel 5; Fig. 9 is a planet a shingle ysomewhat analogous shingle 20 and away from the adjacent side edge 5,9..

` to the shingleof'Fig. 1, differing therefrom chiefly 23. Slits 2l and. 28 are formed adjacent the in that the projections formed inthe lower foropposite side edge 24 in a manner similar to the ward edge of the shingle extend inwardly toward formation of slits 25y and 26, except that slit 28 the body portion of the shingle and not outwardly extends in a direction opposite to the direction 5,5, toward the transverse side edges thereof; 0f slit 26. 55l

two projections 29 and 3|V are formed in the forward longitudinal edge 22 of the shingle 20, slits Y 25 and 26 and slits and 28 being associated with the projections 29 and 3|, respectively.

The shingle of Fig. 1 is adapted to be laid in overlapping relation with like shingles in overlapping courses upon a roof or other supporting structure, as shown in Fig. 2. VIn laying, the `non-homologous side edges of each shingle are overlapped, i. e., the side edge 24 of a shingle VA in Fig. 2'is lapped .over a side edge'23 of an adjacent shingle B, which is rst nailed, preferably in the lower righthand cornerv as indicated by -the reference numeral V3|)."This nail passes through the upper edge of theunderlying shingle'C and is covered by the lower left hand corner of shingle A. The projection 3| of shingle A is flexed inwardly and the projection 29 of shingleV B is iiexed or bent outwardly, shingle A being moved to the left with respect to 'the'already laid shingle B with projection 3|V sliding through slit 25 of shingle B to effectV the interlock. The projection 3| of Vshingle A Yengages .theslit' 25'of side edges 23 and 24 approximately equal dis-Y .tances Such spacing is'preferable since when adjacent shingles are interlocked, as forV instance shingles VAjand B of Fig. 2, theilo'ckingjoint formed bythe projections 3| and 29 of shingles A and B, respectively, will lie at a point approxi-Y mately midway Vbetween the overlapping side edges 24 and 23 ofthe shingles A and Brespec tively. This positioning of the joint insures'its protection against the elements and seals Vthe edges thereof against the entrance of moisture. By this method of interlocking adjacent shingles in courses, the forward longitudinal edges of ,eachV shingle are, locked down securely upon the roof or other supportingstructure and .constitute a continuousV interlocked lower edge foreach course of shingles which prevents warping of the individual elements and resists the action of wind and rain tending to work under the forward exposed edges of the shingles. Y l

In Fig. 3, I have shown a modified form of the shingle of Fig. l, the portion of the shingle which is located between slit 21 and the adjacent side edge 24 being removed to form a recess 32.v 'I'he shingle in Fig. 3 is laid in the same mannerY Vas disclosed in Yconnection with the shingle of Fig. l, except that V,the aforesaid portion of Vshingle 25 between the slit 2'|,and the adjacent side edge 24 is not exposed to view by reason of the substitution of the recess 32 therefor. For instance,

. as shown in Fig. 4, theV projection 2Q of one shingle is bent outwardly and the projection 3| of an adjacent overlyingY shingle is bent inwardly, the projection 3lv of the second shingle passing throughV the slit 25 of the first mentionedjshingle, the projection 29 of the rst shingle engag ing the projection 3| of the second shingle upon its upper face.

24 exposed to view alongV the lower'edges ofthe;

This shingle may be employed"V where it isundesirableas aV matter of general gitudinaledge 55.

It will be noted that by this method of slitting, Y

shingle courses, the recesses 32 therefor.

The shingleV of Fig. 5,` while generally resembling thefshingle's shown, in Figs. l and 3, differs being substituted therefrom in the shape and size` ofthe locking A slit 33 is Y ner endof slit 33 and Vextendng therefrom at an acute angle to slit 33 toward the forward longitudinalY edge 35 and the opposite side edge 39 Vof the shingle,` terminating at a point spaced from the forward longitudinal edge 3B. A slit 31 is formed in the forward longitudinal edge 36, pref- Verably atY right angles thereto, and spaced from and'parallel to theV adjacent side edge 139. AtA the inner end of slit 3?, a Yshort interior slit 38 is formed'within- Vthe, body portion of the shingle Vextending towardV the opposite side edge 35' at an obtuse angle to the line of direction of slit 3T.

same width.' is forr'ned.V

In laying fthe shingle shown in Fig. 5, the

, side edges 35 and 37S of Yadjacent shingles are overlapped a'nd the projection42 of one shingle bent inwardly and passed under the projection 4| of an adjacent underlying shingle. This locking arrangement providesa rigid and secure joint, the formation of which is facilitated by the shape of projections 4| and 42, i. e., by reason of pointed upper portion ofY projection 4|, it may more easily and quickly bepassed through the slit Y31 of the adjacent underlying shingle, and due tore.-VV

duced endfportion of projection 42, it-may be readily passed under projection 4|.

The shingle of Fig. ,'7 Vclosely resembles that of Fig. 5*,with the exception that an additional slit 43 is made along aline parallel to the forward longitudinal edge 45 and 'extendingvto the adjacent side edge 46 to form a recess 44 at the lower left-hand corner of` the shingle adjacent the ThusV a projection 4| of a length greater Y than the length Yof' a projection 42, but of the one shingle inwardly and passing it through` slit 49 of the adjacent shingle,V the projection'48 of the adjacent shingle engaging the outer face Y of the projection @lof the firstinentioned shin-Y gle. When a series of shingles of this type are thus'locked to form a courseof shingles, the

, lower edge ofthe course constitutes a continuous lower edge which is highly'V resistant to the en-V trance of wind and rain.

In Fig. 9, I have shown a still further form of shingle embodying the principles of myrinvenition.` This shingle is ingmany respects similar to 52 are extended toward the adjacent side edges 5l and 56, respectively,rby means of slits 54 and 53, preferably formed parallel to the forward lon- Thus, projections 58 and 59 areY formedv extending inwardly from points spaced from'the side edges of the shingle toward megeve' the interior of the body' portion thereof. Slits and 52 are associated with the projections 58 and 584 respectively;

Fig. 10f depicts adjacent shingles of the type shownin Fig. 9, laid in! interlocking lrelation to moved to the right with respect to the underlying shingle to' lock the elements. This arrangement insures a secure joint which provides a continuous interlocked lower edge when a course of shingles of this type are laid as described.

The shingle shown in Fig. 11 closely resembles the shingle ofv Fig. 9 with the exception that slits 6| and 62, formed at the inner ends of slits '63 and 64, respectively, lie at anvobtuse angle thereto instead of at a right angle aswith the correspending slits 54 and 53 of the shingle of Fig. 9.

Projections 65 and 66 thus formed are adapted to be locked with their corresponding slits 63 and 64 as shown in Fig. 12. The projection 65 `of one shingle 'is bent inwardly to engagefthe slit 6d or an adjacent shingle and-the projection 88 ofA the adjacent shingleis bent outwardly to engage the slit 63 of the rst-mention'ed shingle, thus providing a rigid interlock vbetweenl adjacent shingles, whereby theforward longitudinal edges '"3 thereof are. secured againstv warping and the action of wind in tending to raise the butt edges thereof.

The slits formed in the forward longitudinal edge of my shinglemay lie at an acute angle to said forward edge, as shown in the shingle of Fig. 13,.wherein two slits 61 and 68 are provided in the forward longitudinal edge of the shingle. The slits 61 and 68 areextended at right angles tov their original line of direction along the lines of slits 68 and 1|, respectively, toward the adjacent si'de edges. of the'v shingle to form projections 12 and 13 of triangular shape with their free vertices pointed: toward each other and away from the adjacent. side edges of the shingle. In

. locking adjacent shingles of this type, a projection 13. of one shingle is bent inwardly and passed through. the intersecting slits 61 and 68 of the adjacent shingle, the. projection 1.2v of the` adjacent shingle being bent outwardly and passed through the slitsv 68 and 1| of the first-mentioned shingle, as shown in Fig. 14.

In the 'modified form of shingle illustrated in Fig. I5,.two: slits14 and 15 are formed inthe for.- ward longitudinal edge of' theshin'gle adjacent the opposite side edges thereofl and preferably at right angles thereto, the slit 15 'being shorter than the slit. 14. At' the inner end of slit 14:, the longerslit, a slit 'ia is formed in the yinterior of theshingle at an acute angle tol theslit 1li andl extending toward the adjacent side edge 01 the shingle, the two slits 1.4 Vand 16 thus defining a projection 18 which has` a pointed upper end. Atthe inner' end of slit 15, the shorter slit, an interior slit 11 is provided' in the body portion of: the shingle leading. irorn'the inner-endv of slit at an obtuse angle thereto toward the adjacent side edge of the shingle, the two slits 15 and 11 defining. a projection 19l having an oblique upper portion. In locking shingles of this type, the side, edgesV thereof are. overlapped withv the projection 19 beingy bent inwardly to engage. and pass through the slit 14 of an adjacent shingle and the pointed projection 18 of the adjacent shingle being bent outwardly to pass through slits 1.5 and 11 of the first-mentioned shingle, as shown in Fig. 16.

In Fig. 1'?, a type oi interlocking shingle embodying the principles of my invention is illustrated, this type of shingle having one locking projection thereof of relatively large size as compared with the other locking projection. With specific reference to the iigure, a projection 8| is iorlnedin the forward longitudinal edge 88 of the shingle adjacent aside edge 89 thereof by slit 82 entering the forward longitudinal edge 88 at an acute angle thereto and being extended at its inner end along a line 83 toward the adljacent side edge 88. Adjacent to and spaced from the opposite side edge 8|, a projection 84 is deiined by a slit 85 entering the forward longitudinal edge 88 of the shingle at an acute angle thereto, an interior sli-t 86 provided in the body portion of the shingle and extending in a' direcshingles are overlapped, as shown in Fig. 18.

Thelsmall projection 8| of one shingle is bent inwardly and passed through the slits 85 and 86v of an'adjacent shingle, the larg-er projection 84.

of the adjacent shingle being bent outwardly and passed ,through the slits 82 and 83 of the firstmentioned shingle.

. Fig. 19 illustrates a further form of shingle provided with locking projections and slits in accordance with my invention. Slits 92' and 83 are provided leading into the forward edge 96. of the shingle at an acute angle thereto. Interior slits 88 and 85 are provided inv the interior body portion of the shingle and are formed in a direction extending from the inner ends of the slits 82 and 88, respectively, toward the adjacent side edges but terminating at points spaced therefrom to define pointedv projections 81 and 88, respectively. In laying this type of shingle in locked-relation with an adjacent shingle of like type, the side edges are overlapped as shown in Fig. 20, the projection 81 of one shingle being bent inwardly and passed through the slit 83 of an adjacent shingle, the projection 98 of the adjacent shingle being bent outwardly and passed through the slit 82 of the nist-mentioned shingle. It will be noted that in all the above described shingles which embody the principles of the present invention, the spacing of each interlocking projection of each shingle from its adjacent side edge is such that when adjacent shingles are interlocked, ,the locking joint per se will be located at a point approximately midway between the overlapping side edges ofthe adjacent shingles. This position of the locking joint aiords the maximum protection of the joint against the action of the elements since the portions of the shingles between the joint and the side edges will act to seal the joint against the entrance of moisture and the like.

Thev shingles of my invention may be composed ofV various materials, but they are preferably formed from a felt or fibrous base, saturated or otherwise impregnated with bituminous material to render it waterproof, coated with a bituminous composition, and subsequently surfaced. with manufactured in the shapeV of a long continuous webY having parallel sides and of a width equal tothe width of a number of shingles from which kthe shingles of the present invention maybe cut without waste.`

The shingles ofthis invention may be made in various colors or in one color, or'the shingles may be surfaced partly with material of vone color and partly with material of another color, thus providing a pleasing vari-coloredeifect whenlaid.

.Itfwill Ybe further noted that nailing Yof the 1 shingles in courses at the Vpoints indicated on Fig. Y 2'results in securefastening of the shingles to the roof Y deck; utilizing butV one nail `for each shingle. This nail passes through the lower right corner of the Vshingle and also through the upper VVedge of the underlying element. Hence, the lower rightV corner of each shingle and the'upper edge of an underlying shingle are securedein position.'

by one and the same nail. The lower left corner, is locked down by the interlock between the interlocking Vmeans in the overlapping corners Y of contiguous elements in thefsamercourse here-V Y inabove described.

properties. Furthermore, the shingles may read- Y ily be applied and laid from either left to right or right to left, either interlocking'projection of eachrshingle being'adapted to lock with either ofv the interlocking projections of a contiguous shingle inthe same course. Y

@It is to be understood that this invention is not restricted to the present disclosure otherwise than defined by the appended clairns.V

I claim: Y Y

1. A flexible shingle adapted to be laid with other like shingles in overlapping courses, said shingle having Yin the neighborhood of the opposite lower corners thereof interlocking projec-V tions spaced from the sides ofY said shingle and deilned by slits, the projection of one shingle being arranged to lock with the projection of an overlapping shingle in the same course and being so disposed that the forward edges ofadjacent shingles occur in substantiallyv the same straight line, the projections Ybeing spaced from the side edges a distance such that Vthe interlocking projections of a pair ofY adjacent interlockedY shingles lie approximately midway between the overlapping edges of saidV adjacent shingles.

Y 2.V A' felt base shingle of the interlocking type,

adapted to belaid 'with other like shingles in courses and provided withV slits leading into the forward edge thereof in the neighborhood of the opposite transverse edges, interior slits formed within the body of said shingle leading into said first-mentioned slits at an Vangle thereto, each of Ysaid'inst-mentionedslits and its associated interior slit dening a'projection located near the adjacenttransverse edges andfarranged to lock with the nonhomologous slit in the forward edge and the associated interior slit of anadjacentV granular material.. The brous base is preferablyY shingle to form a edge. j Y

13. A felt base shingle of the interlocking type,

`adapted to be laid with other like Vshingles in coursesandprovidedwith slits leading into the forward edge adjacent opposite side edges, said slits being extended atan angle to their original line of direction toward theV interior of the shinele and away from the adjacent side edges, each of said slits defining a projection arranged to lock Awith the non-homologous slit of an adjacent vshingle to form a continuous interlocking lower edge. 1

Y4. A felt baseshingle of the interlocking type, adapted toV be laid with otherV like shingles in courses and provided'with'slits leading into the forward edge thereof adjacent opposite side edges, said slits being extended at right angles to their' original line of directiontoward Vthe inf terior of the vshingle and away from the adjacontinuous interlocking lower 1 centV side edges, each of said slits defining a projection arranged to lockV with the non-homologous slit of an adjacent shingle to form a continuous interlocking loweredge. Y

v 5. A felt base 'sni'ngie'ofthe;interlockingtype,` adapted to beulaid with Vother' like shingles in courses and Vprovided. with slits leading into Ythe direction toward the adjacent opposite Vside edges and away from the interior of the shingle,VV

the slits of each shingle dei'lninga projection ar ranged to lock With the non-homologous slit of an adjacent shingle inthe same course to form a continuousV interlocking lower edge',

V6. A felt base shingle of the interlocking type,v adapted to be laid with other like'shingles in courses and provided with slits leading into the forwardedge thereof adjacent opposite Vside edges at an acute angle thereto, said slits being extended at an angle to their original lines of` direction and away from the interior of the shingle and to-` ward the adjacent side edges,.each slit dening a projection arranged to lockVVV with the nonhomologous slit of an adjacent shingle to form a continuous interlocking lower edge.

'1. Afeit base shingie of the interlocking type,

vadapted to'be laid with otherv like shingles in coursesand provided with slits leading Vinto the forward edge thereof adjacent opposite side edges at anY acute angle thereto, said slits being extended at right angles to their original lines of direction away from the interior of the shingle and toward the opposite side edgesthereoffeach Vslit defining a projection arranged to lock with the non-homologous slitV of an adjacent shingle to form a continuous interlocking lower-edge.V

Y 8. A felt base shingle ofthe interlocking type,

adapted to be laid with other like shingles in courses and provided with Yslits leading into the Y frorwardedge thereof at obtuse angles thereto and adjacent opposite side edges, said slits being extendedat angles to theirroriginal lines of direction away from the interior of Vtheshingle and toward the opposite side edges, each slit defining a projection Varranged to `lock with the nonhomologous slit of an adjacent shingle to continuous interlocking lower edge.

9. A felt base shingle of the interlocking type, adapted tofbe laid with other likeVV shingles in courses and provided withslits leadingY into the forward edges thereof at anobtuse angle thereto and adjacent opposite side edges, said slits being extendedin directions at an angle to their orig# form a VforwardredgeVV thereof at right VVangles thereto ad- Vjacent opposite side edges, `said slits beingl extended at right angles to their originallines of nal lines of directionv towardv the adjacent side edges and away from the interior of the shingle,

each slit defining a projection arranged to lock with the non-homologous slit of an adjacent shingle to forma continuous interlocking lower edge.

10. AV felt base shingle of the interlocking type, adapted to be laid with other like shingles in courses and provided with slits leading into the forwardA edge thereof at an oblique angle thereto adjacent opposite kside edges, said slits being extended in directions at rights angles to their original lines of direction toward the adjacent side edges and away from the interior of the shingle, each slit defining a projection arranged to lock with the non-homologous slit of an adjacent shingle to form a continuous interlocking lower edge. Y

11. A felt base shingle of the interlocking type, provided with projections dened by slits leading into the forward edge thereof located adjacent to the opposite edges, oneof said projections being dened by a relatively short slit leading into the forward edge land having an extending slit at an angle thereto from the interior edge and the other of said projections being defined by a relatively long slit leading into the fo-rward edge of said shingle having an extending slit from the interior edge thereof at -an angle thereto.

12. A felt base shingle of the interlocking type, adapted to be laid with 'other like shingles in courses and Vprovided with openings leading into the forward edge thereof adjacent the opposite side edges, a portion of each opening beingl extended away from the original line of direction of the opening towards -another opening, each opening defining a projection arranged to lock with an adjacent shingle.

13. A rectangular felt base shingle of the interlocking type, adapted to be laid with other like shingles in courses and provided .with openings leading into the forward edge thereof adjacent the opposite side edges, a portion of each opening being extended away from theoriginal line of direction of the opening, each opening defining a projection arranged to cooperate with an opening and a projection of a like shingle to form a lock.

14. A exible rectangular shingle of the interlocking type, adapted to be laid with other like shingles in courses and provided with slits leading into the forward edge in the neighborhood of the. lower corners thereof, defining interlocking projections spaced from the transverse edges of said shingle, each of which is adapted to lock with a projection of a like shingle in the same course.

l5. A flexible rectangular shingle of the interlocking type, adapted to be laid with other like shingles in courses with the transverse side edges of contiguous shingles in overlapping and underlapping relationship, and with the transverse side edges of each shingle adapted to optionally underlap or overlap the transverse side edges of the contiguous shingles, each shingle being provided with slits leading into the forward edge in the neighborhood of the lower corners thereof defining interlocking projections, each of which is adaptedto lock with a projection of a like shingle in the same course.

16. A covering unit of a form to be laid as an individual interlocking shingle having an edge to be exposed `and side edges extending generally parallel to each other in a direction transverse to said edge to be exposed, said unit being provided with apair of cuts in the body thereof respectively adjacent a side edge, each of said cuts having a portion extending generally parallel to said parallel side edges inwardly from said edge to be exposed, each of said cuts having a portion extending from the inner end of said parallel portions thereof and transversely thereto toward the inner'part of the. unit.

17. An individual interlocking shingle having two parallel side edges and an edge to be exposed extending generally transversely to said side edges, said Shingle having a pair of slitsvin the body thereof extending inwardly from said edge to be exposed substantially parallel to said side edges, each of said slits lying between a side edge and the center line of the shingle parallel to said parallel edges, said shingle also having a pair of cuts in the body thereof extending transversely to said parallel cuts, each of said transverse cuts extending from a parallel cut in a direction toward the center line of the shingle.

18. An individual shingle of interlocking type and of flexible material having like-'extending side edges and an edge to be exposed extending transversely to said side edges, said shingle having a pair of cuts intersecting and extending inwardly from said edge to be exposed and so placed with respect to said edge and tosaid side edges of the shingle as to provide a tongue at each end of said edge to be exposed extending to said edge to be exposed and generally in the direction of said side edges, each of said cuts also having the inner portion thereof extending transversely of the portion intersecting said edge to be exposed and in the direction toward the central portion of the shingle to provide a tongue` extending transversely s to and toward a side edge from the central portion of the shingle.

19.*Surface covering comprising a plurality of iiexible shingles of the interlocking type, each of said shingles comprising a body portion having a forward edge and side edges and provided with locking openings leading into the forward edge MARSTON LOVELL HAMLIN.

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